A Rare Late 18th Century / Early 19th Century George III Period English Antique "Way-Wiser" / Odometer / Surveyor's Wheel / Perambulator

A late 18th-century/early 19th-century English antique "way-wiser." Also known as an odometer, surveyor's wheel, or perambulator.

This extremely rare blacksmith-made artefact is made from wood and iron, with an iron-bound wheel and turned spokes. To the centre is a box containing the mechanism, which comprises a threaded axle that turns gears engineered to accurately measure distance in miles, furlongs, and yards. Distance is measured using a George III period painted dial with Roman and Arabic numerals and decorated corner spandrels and a dual pointer, almost identical to clock hands. The device is propelled by hand by way of an elongated shaft and handle. The shaft and handle are reminiscent of those found in gardening tools such a spades.

The odometer (also variously known as a surveyor’s wheel, a way-wiser, and a perambulator) was used prolifically by surveyors and mapmakers during the period. One was certainly used by Major James Rennell (Surveyor General to the Honorable East India Company) during his surveying of Bengal. He is noted in “The Cyclopedia; or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences & Literature” in 1819 as saying that, “he measured a meridian line of three degrees with this instrument; and found it to agree minutely with the latitude observations of latitude." An Allowance, however, was made for the irregularities of the ground whenever they occurred”.

Their history, of course, is much longer than that. It is thought that Archimedes, a Greek mathematician, philosopher, and inventor who wrote important works on geometry, arithmetic, and mechanics was the inventor of the odometer, and it was further developed by Vitruvius, a Roman architect, engineer, and author of the celebrated "Treatise De Architectura" (On Architecture), a handbook for Roman architects.

In the seventeenth century, way-wisers were put to use on John Ogilby’s 1675 publication entitled "Britannia." This publication stands as a milestone in the history of cartography. This seminal work comprised detailed road maps of England and Wales. It marked a significant departure from earlier mapmaking traditions. It played a pivotal role in shaping the evolution of cartographic techniques. 

The late 17th century saw a burgeoning interest in travel and exploration. As trade routes expanded and travel became more commonplace, the need for accurate and accessible maps became increasingly clear. John Ogilby was a Scottish-born entrepreneur with a keen interest in cartography. He recognized this demand. He sought to address it through his ambitious project, “Britannia.”

Ogilby’s “Britannia” represented a departure from traditional mapmaking techniques. Instead of the customary birds-eye view maps, Ogilby employed a novel approach known as strip mapping. This involved presenting roads in a linear, sequential fashion, allowing for a more detailed and user-friendly representation of travel routes. Each map in “Britannia” portrayed a specific road. It included landmarks, distances, and topographical features. This provided travelers with a practical and comprehensive guide.

One of the groundbreaking aspects of “Britannia” was its systematic mapping of roads across England and Wales. Ogilby meticulously measured and surveyed the routes, ensuring accuracy in the depiction of distances and geographical features. The result was a series of interconnected strip maps that facilitated a coherent understanding of the road network. This systematic approach was a departure from earlier ad-hoc maps and contributed to the standardization of cartographic practices.

“Britannia” had a profound impact on travel and navigation during the 17th century. Before its publication, travelers relied on rudimentary maps or verbal directions, often leading to confusion and inefficiency. Ogilby’s strip maps revolutionized navigation. They provided people with a visual aid that was accurate. It was also easy to interpret. The clarity and detail provided by “Britannia” gave travelers the knowledge they needed. This knowledge helped them plan and execute their journeys more effectively.

Beyond its practical applications, “Britannia” had significant commercial and cultural implications. The maps were not merely utilitarian; they also served as status symbols for those who possessed them. Owning a copy of “Britannia” became a mark of sophistication and cultural refinement. The commercial success of the work established Ogilby as a prominent figure in the cartographic sphere. It also made him notable in the publishing world. This success highlighted the economic viability of producing detailed and well-designed maps.

The legacy of John Ogilby extends far beyond the 17th century. The innovative strip mapping technique pioneered by Ogilby influenced subsequent generations of cartographers. While later mapmakers refined and adapted the approach, the fundamental idea of presenting linear road maps persisted. Ogilby’s systematic and detailed mapping approach set a standard for cartographic precision. It remains relevant in the modern era.

In conclusion, John Ogilby’s “Britannia” (1675) occupies a prominent place in the history of cartography. Its innovative strip mapping technique is notable. It employs a systematic approach to road mapping. The work’s impact on travel and navigation makes it a landmark. It shaped the evolution of cartographic practices. Beyond its practical applications, “Britannia” had commercial and cultural significance. This cemented Ogilby’s legacy as a pioneering figure in the world of mapmaking. The enduring influence of “Britannia” on subsequent generations of cartographers is significant. It underscores its historic importance. It cements its place as a cornerstone in the rich tapestry of cartographic history.

Provenance - Ex-private collection, Yorkshire, England.

Condition - Good as per the images. The wheel still turns without resistance as the device is pushed along any surface. The dial and hands still function! A further detailed condition report is available upon request.

Size - wheel diameter 81.4 cm (32")